The name FLUTD – feline lower urinary tract disease — covers a number of conditions that affect the urinary tract in cats. In the simplest terms, FLUTD affects the cat’s urinary bladder and sometimes the urethra.
FLUTD can be a serious disease resulting in death if not treated. General signs of urinary tract issues can include:
- Prolonged squatting or straining in the litter box (or out of the litter box) — some owners confuse this with constipation
- Straining in the litter box but not producing urine, or only producing a small amount
- Frequent urination or attempted urination
- Pain while urinating, signified by meowing or howling
- Urinating outside of the litter box
- Blood in the urine
- Frequent licking of the genital area (not to be confused with grooming)
- Vomiting
- Depression
Some cats with feline lower urinary tract disease develop crystals in their urine. In male cats, these crystals can block the urethra, preventing him from urinating. This is sometimes called a “blocked tom”.
FLUTD can develop for a number of reasons. A bacterial or viral infection, bladder stones, trauma, tumor, or urinary tract abnormality can contribute to the development of feline lower urinary tract disease. A diet high in magnesium or other minerals, not drinking enough water, and stress can all contribute to the development of FLUTD. Urine that is too acidic or alkaline can also lead to urinary tract disease.
A physical exam by your veterinarian will help diagnose FLUTD. The bladder may be very large and distended, especially if the urethra is blocked and the cat is unable to urinate! A urine sample will be collected, either through expressing the bladder or by taking a urine sample through the abdomen with a fine needle. The physical examination may also uncover bladder stones or tumors.
Treatment depends on the cause, the presence and type of crystals, and other factors. Your veterinarian may suggest diet changes, increased fluids, antibiotics, or even surgery to correct physical abnormalities. Most cats can be treated successfully if FLUTD is diagnosed early. Cats who experience FLUTD are more likely to have second and third occurrences of the disease, so monitor your cat carefully.